Alexander A. Stepanov studied mathematics at Moscow State University from 1967 to 1972. He has been programming since 1972: first in the Soviet Union and after emigrating in 1977 in the United States. He has programmed operating systems programming tools compilers and libraries. His work on foundations of programming has been supported by GE Polytechnic University Bell Labs HP SGI Adobe and since 2009 A9. com Amazon's search technology subsidiary. In 1995 he received the Dr. Dobb's Journal Excellence in Programming Award for the design of the C++ Standard Template Library. Daniel E. Rose is a research scientist who has held management positions at Apple AltaVista Xigo Yahoo and A9. com. His research focuses on all aspects of search technology ranging from low-level algorithms for index compression to humancomputer interaction issues in web search. Rose led the team at Apple that created desktop search for the Macintosh. He holds a Ph. D. in cognitive science and computer science from University of California San Diego and a B. A. in philosophy from Harvard University. . Language: English